Sunday, December 11, 2005

Visual Stylometry

Now this is problem-solving of the finest order. The current issue of Wired contains a fascinating article on the work of Dartmouth College professor of mathematics, Dan Rockmore. In a nutshell, he's using mathematical algorithms and plenty of computer power to help authenticate works of art where the artist's identity cannot be documented with certainty by other means.

Rockmore begins his procedure by analyzing the digital image pixel by pixel and creating statistical summaries of each painting or drawing. These summaries capture what Rockmore calls the artist's mathematical signature, which in theory will be consistent from painting to painting. Just as everyone's handwriting is unique - with characteristic letter spacing, slant, and design - so is everyone's painting style, with characteristic brushstroke direction, thickness, and length.

At least that's what the software showed with the Bruegels. When the mathematical signatures of the 13 drawings were mapped, eight works clustered together - the same eight deemed by experts to be authentic Bruegels. The other five were scattered in space. The clarity of the results startled the art world, and holds out the promise that Rockmore will be able to work backward from his current analysis to figure out exactly what makes a Rembrandt real: perhaps the master had thicker brushstrokes than his pupils, or some characteristic shake in his hand.

The article has an economic angle to it. The process is much like what applied economists do with nonexperimental data--try to achieve identification by examining the patterns in data. The process also reminded me of the part of Freakonomics where Levitt diagnoses teacher cheating based on observed patterns in students' test answers. But here, the stakes are even bigger. Consider that:

"The fact that you can put everything on the computer means that everything is numbers," Rockmore says. "As soon as everything is numbers, it makes perfect sense to ask mathematical questions about what the numbers represent." If he's right - if computers can distinguish between artists more accurately than connoisseurs can - the art world is in for some high-stakes corrections. Rockmore's scientific approach will boost the value of some collections by millions of dollars - while devastating others that are tainted by imitations and fakes.

Simply fascinating. Take a break from budget woes and enjoy the article.

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7 comments:

Nathan said...

Do you think that artists may change their behavior given this type of study?

The interactive effect of computers, technology and art (and consumers) will be interesting.

This reminds me of artificial intelligence.

Nathan said...

This also reminds me of DNA-tests, and how advances and breakthroughs in this led to exoneration of criminals convicted of crimes they did not commit. The number of reversals would have been somewhat more surprising to me prior to age 22 vs. today.

It also reminds me somewhat of Google's algorithm driven news. People find and read things they would have never read in previous generations. For me, Google and internet-driven content is often substituted for television.

Nathan said...

One more and then I will be quiet...

This study also reminds me of how technology allows companies to study consumer buying patterns. Computers and big companies can predict a lot about people based on purchasing patterns. This is enabled by computers and information that was not as readily available or manageable historically. Others probably know much more than me about this.

Anonymous said...

Do you recall how visual algorithms were used for detecting camoflaged tanks, but upon further study it was determined they were identifying which ones were taken in daylight?

dearieme said...

Nathan, "Do you think that artists may change their behavior given this type of study?" But artists, properly so called, happen virtually all to be dead.

Nathan said...

dearieme

Good point... Maybe I should have put in a qualifier such as "prospective artists" or something else. What do you think of this?

Nathan said...

In regards to requiring employees to put an additional 1.5% into an account:

How would this 1.5% figure into individual bankruptcy? That is, would an individual get to keep the 1.5% even after the individual goes bankrupt?

Would an individual be allowed to borrow against the 1.5%?